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| An Overview of Major S &T Development Programs and Undertaking |
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| 2003-10-10 00:00 |
The National Program for Key S & T Project
First started in 1982, the "National Program for Key S&T Projects" is a critical component of the five-year plans for the national economic and social development. It is updated every five years and submitted for approval by the National People's Congress --the Chinese Parliament.
The objective of the Program is to find solutions to the scientific and technological bottlenecks in the national economic and social development.
The Program is funded by both the central and local governments, and supplemented by financial inputs from different industrial sectors and institutions. The government investment is in three types: completely free support, partially free support, and loans. The government investment on the Program during the Eighth Five-year Plan period (199 l-1995) was about 3.5 billion yuan.
The Spark Program
Approved by the Chinese Government in 1986, the Spark program is the nation's first guided development program designed to develop the rural economy through science and technology.
Objectives
To bring advanced and appropriate scientific and technological achievements to the rural areas; to guide the 800 million Chinese farmers onto the path towards modern, science and technology-driven agricultural production; to guide scientific and technological progress in township enterprises; to improve productivity; and to ensure a sustainable, fast and healthy development of the rural economy.
Financial Resources
Mainly raised from the public with some seed money from the state. Projects listed in the program are entitled to favorable bank loans and preferential taxation policies.
Future Focus
To develop regional pillar industries in rural areas; To establish Spark-intensive Areas in conjunction with the construction of small cities and towns.
The National High Technology R&D Program
In March of 1986, four eminent Chinese scientists urged the initiation of a new national high technology program. Thoroughly assessed by expertise and approved by the Chinese Government, the National High Technology Research and Development Program (also referred to as 863 Program) was launched.
Guiding Principles
Limited targets, clearly-defined priorities, vigorous monitoring of global technological advances, striving for breakthroughs wherever possible, and combining the military with the civilian while focusing attention on the civilian.
Objectives
The Program is designed to pool the best technological resources in China for the purpose of keeping up with the world's high technology advances in certain fields, to close the gap between China and other countries in several critical areas; and to strive for breakthroughs wherever possible. The Program also devotes attention to providing technological backup for the nation's economic development, national defence, and the
commercialization of high technology.
Finance
The financial support required for the Program comes from special government appropriations.
The Torch Program
Approved by the Chinese Government, the Torch Program (high and emerging technology industry development program) was initiated in 1988.
Objectives
To promote the commercialization, industrialization and globalization of the results of key high technology projects(including those from the 863Program) through market mechanisms.
Financial Resources
Mainly raised from the public with support of start-up funds from the state. New product projects listed in the Program are entitled to priority in getting bank loans and to preferential taxation policies over a specified period of time.
The creation of the High and Emerging Technology Industry Development Zones
represent a major thrust of the "Torch Program". Thus far, the central government has approved 52 such zones at the national level, resulting in clusters of burgeoning high and new technology industries in the coastal, frontier, boarder and inland cities all over the country. Preferential policies have been put into effect in these zones.
The National S&T Achievement Dissemination Program
The National S & T Achievements Dissemination Program was initiated in 1990.
Objectives
To inject advanced, appreciate, mature S&T achievements into the nation's economic and social development in a well organized and planned fashion; to mobilize large numbers of scientists and engineers for the implementation of massive popularization efforts in the rural areas, in enterprises, and in a wide range of economic and social activities, so as to enhance the overall performance level of the national economy.
Features
Meeting the technological requirements of enterprises, the countryside, and the traditional industries;
Aiming at higher economic returns with less investment, short investment cycle, good demonstration role and spin-off effect.
Finance
Loans, investments, and funds are raised by enterprises and the public as well as start-up money provided by the government. The projects listed in the program are entitled to preferential treatment during implementation.
The National Program for Key Basic Research Projects
Approved by the Chinese Government, National Program for Key Basic Research Projects (the Scaling the Height Program) was initiated in 1991.
Objectives
The Program is designed to conduct high quality research on major scientific issues that have an important bearing on the nation's science and technology as well as economic and social development, so as to make great contributions to the world's scientific advances and our country's social progress, vigorously train young talents for basic research, and strengthen the buildup of a high quality research contingent.
Funding
The funding required for the program is provided by the government.
The National Program for Key Basic Research Projects covers seven branches of basic research and eight branches of applied basic research fields: mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, astronomy, geography, biology; energy, materials, information and computer, basic agronomy, basic medical sciences, resource and environment science, space science, and engineering science.
Thus far, 45 basic research projects have been undertaken
1. Fundamental research on high critical temperature superconductivity
2. The computing theory and methods of large-scale scientific engineering
Physics of Semiconductor Super Lattice and exploratory work on new materials
and devices
4. Nonlinear sciences
5. Study and application of proving theorems with the aid of computer programs
6. Nano-size materials science
7. Some important problems on theoretical physics
8. Multi-frequency band observation and research of the activity of celestial bodies
9. Research on the chemical problems in lifetime
10. Research on the molecular engineering of functional materials
11. Research on basic physics problems of condensed polymers
12. Atomic-molecular excited state and state-state reaction dynamics
13. Fundamental research on rare earth materials
14. Fundamental research on utilization of superiority of male sterility
15. Research on the model of effective control of wart in the system
16. Research on acupuncture meridian (special channels and collaterals in human
body)
17. Research of the nascent peptide chain and protein folding
18. Molecular biology research on disease mechanism of malignant tumors,
cardiovascular and cerebral diseases
19. High yield and high efficiency physiology research of Chinese major crops
20. Brain function and it s Cell and Molecule fundamental research
21. Research on structure. property. molecular design and preparing process of photo
electrical materials
22. Research on femtosecond laser technique and ultra-fast process
23. Some problems of cognitive sciences
a. Relationship between the cognition and computing
Neural networks
Thinking and synthesizing knowledge system
24. Non-structure devices and mesoscopic physics
25. High efficiency and low pollution burning Process of coal and oil
26. Study on climate dynamics and climate prediction theory
Research on forecast and countermeasures of changes and trends of China s future
existence environment (20-50 years)
28. Investigation and application of crust motion and geo-dynamics in modem time
29. Research of the formation. environment change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
30. Fundamental research concerning the searching super-large mineral deposits
Fundamental research on the outbreak regularities and control techniques for 5 key
pests of grain and cotton crops
Nanometer scale information storage using SPM/SNOM technology
33. Fundamental research on Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer co-flooding for enhanced oil
recovery(EOR)
34. New ideas and technology in the search for Giant Ore Deposits
35. Investigation on new theories and technologies for modern Power system
operation and control
36. Fundamental research on improving seed stocks and disease-resistance of
maricultivated organisms
37. Micro Electro Mechanical System
38. Tibetan Plateau field experiment and research
Research on advanced aero-thermodynamics in energy utilization and new design
system
Fundamental research on safety and durability of major structures in civil and
hydraulic engineering
Fundament research on the immune prevention and control of animal important
infectious disease
Fundament research on the genetic control of human diseases and infectious
diseases
43. Fundamental research on key techniques in high-performance computing
44. Fundamental research on smelting reduction technology
Fundamental research on the advanced techniques of nuclear medicine and
radiotherapy
The National Program for Science and Technology for Sustainable Development
Objectives
To improve the quality of living of the people and to enhance the overall quality of the general public;
To improve the living and development environment for the people and coordinate the relationship between man and nature;
To promote scientific and technological progress in social undertakings and related
industries;
To promote the implementation of the National Program for Science and Technology for Sustainable Development.
Keynotes
Promoting the implementation China's Agenda 21 through scientific and technological progress;
Guiding and coordinating the conduct of scientific and technological undertakings in social development;
Promoting S & T industrial development programs in such fields as medicine, environment, resources, and housing construction;
Supporting a number of S & T research projects of great significance to the nation's social development;
Arranging for a batch of key applied basic research and high/new technology development projects;
Establishing a cluster of S & T industrial parks for social development;
Establishing a cluster of comprehensive experiment zones for promoting community sustainable development.
Soft Science Research
Soft science is a complete scientific and technological knowledge system encompassing natural sciences, social sciences and engineering technologies and it is crucial for democratic and scientific decision-making.
SSTC is in charge of the nation's soft science research. By 1992, some 960 soft science research organizations had been established nationwide with some 29,000 researchers. Over 16,000 research topics of soft science had been completed, with 4,341 having won national, ministerial, or provincial level awards for scientific and technological progress.
Main Mission of Soft Science Research in the New Era
To strengthen research on soft science theories and methodologies;
To conduct research on important and critical issues in reform and development and provide services to a democratic and scientific decision- making process; and To foster the commercialization and industrialization of soft science research results and cultivate and develop a consultancy industry.
Funding
Provided by the central government agencies and local governments.
First started in 1982, the "National Program for Key S&T Projects" is a critical component of the five-year plans for the national economic and social development. It is updated every five years and submitted for approval by the National People's Congress --the Chinese Parliament.
The objective of the Program is to find solutions to the scientific and technological bottlenecks in the national economic and social development.
The Program is funded by both the central and local governments, and supplemented by financial inputs from different industrial sectors and institutions. The government investment is in three types: completely free support, partially free support, and loans. The government investment on the Program during the Eighth Five-year Plan period (199 l-1995) was about 3.5 billion yuan.
The Spark Program
Approved by the Chinese Government in 1986, the Spark program is the nation's first guided development program designed to develop the rural economy through science and technology.
Objectives
To bring advanced and appropriate scientific and technological achievements to the rural areas; to guide the 800 million Chinese farmers onto the path towards modern, science and technology-driven agricultural production; to guide scientific and technological progress in township enterprises; to improve productivity; and to ensure a sustainable, fast and healthy development of the rural economy.
Financial Resources
Mainly raised from the public with some seed money from the state. Projects listed in the program are entitled to favorable bank loans and preferential taxation policies.
Future Focus
To develop regional pillar industries in rural areas; To establish Spark-intensive Areas in conjunction with the construction of small cities and towns.
The National High Technology R&D Program
In March of 1986, four eminent Chinese scientists urged the initiation of a new national high technology program. Thoroughly assessed by expertise and approved by the Chinese Government, the National High Technology Research and Development Program (also referred to as 863 Program) was launched.
Guiding Principles
Limited targets, clearly-defined priorities, vigorous monitoring of global technological advances, striving for breakthroughs wherever possible, and combining the military with the civilian while focusing attention on the civilian.
Objectives
The Program is designed to pool the best technological resources in China for the purpose of keeping up with the world's high technology advances in certain fields, to close the gap between China and other countries in several critical areas; and to strive for breakthroughs wherever possible. The Program also devotes attention to providing technological backup for the nation's economic development, national defence, and the
commercialization of high technology.
Finance
The financial support required for the Program comes from special government appropriations.
The Torch Program
Approved by the Chinese Government, the Torch Program (high and emerging technology industry development program) was initiated in 1988.
Objectives
To promote the commercialization, industrialization and globalization of the results of key high technology projects(including those from the 863Program) through market mechanisms.
Financial Resources
Mainly raised from the public with support of start-up funds from the state. New product projects listed in the Program are entitled to priority in getting bank loans and to preferential taxation policies over a specified period of time.
The creation of the High and Emerging Technology Industry Development Zones
represent a major thrust of the "Torch Program". Thus far, the central government has approved 52 such zones at the national level, resulting in clusters of burgeoning high and new technology industries in the coastal, frontier, boarder and inland cities all over the country. Preferential policies have been put into effect in these zones.
The National S&T Achievement Dissemination Program
The National S & T Achievements Dissemination Program was initiated in 1990.
Objectives
To inject advanced, appreciate, mature S&T achievements into the nation's economic and social development in a well organized and planned fashion; to mobilize large numbers of scientists and engineers for the implementation of massive popularization efforts in the rural areas, in enterprises, and in a wide range of economic and social activities, so as to enhance the overall performance level of the national economy.
Features
Meeting the technological requirements of enterprises, the countryside, and the traditional industries;
Aiming at higher economic returns with less investment, short investment cycle, good demonstration role and spin-off effect.
Finance
Loans, investments, and funds are raised by enterprises and the public as well as start-up money provided by the government. The projects listed in the program are entitled to preferential treatment during implementation.
The National Program for Key Basic Research Projects
Approved by the Chinese Government, National Program for Key Basic Research Projects (the Scaling the Height Program) was initiated in 1991.
Objectives
The Program is designed to conduct high quality research on major scientific issues that have an important bearing on the nation's science and technology as well as economic and social development, so as to make great contributions to the world's scientific advances and our country's social progress, vigorously train young talents for basic research, and strengthen the buildup of a high quality research contingent.
Funding
The funding required for the program is provided by the government.
The National Program for Key Basic Research Projects covers seven branches of basic research and eight branches of applied basic research fields: mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, astronomy, geography, biology; energy, materials, information and computer, basic agronomy, basic medical sciences, resource and environment science, space science, and engineering science.
Thus far, 45 basic research projects have been undertaken
1. Fundamental research on high critical temperature superconductivity
2. The computing theory and methods of large-scale scientific engineering
Physics of Semiconductor Super Lattice and exploratory work on new materials
and devices
4. Nonlinear sciences
5. Study and application of proving theorems with the aid of computer programs
6. Nano-size materials science
7. Some important problems on theoretical physics
8. Multi-frequency band observation and research of the activity of celestial bodies
9. Research on the chemical problems in lifetime
10. Research on the molecular engineering of functional materials
11. Research on basic physics problems of condensed polymers
12. Atomic-molecular excited state and state-state reaction dynamics
13. Fundamental research on rare earth materials
14. Fundamental research on utilization of superiority of male sterility
15. Research on the model of effective control of wart in the system
16. Research on acupuncture meridian (special channels and collaterals in human
body)
17. Research of the nascent peptide chain and protein folding
18. Molecular biology research on disease mechanism of malignant tumors,
cardiovascular and cerebral diseases
19. High yield and high efficiency physiology research of Chinese major crops
20. Brain function and it s Cell and Molecule fundamental research
21. Research on structure. property. molecular design and preparing process of photo
electrical materials
22. Research on femtosecond laser technique and ultra-fast process
23. Some problems of cognitive sciences
a. Relationship between the cognition and computing
Neural networks
Thinking and synthesizing knowledge system
24. Non-structure devices and mesoscopic physics
25. High efficiency and low pollution burning Process of coal and oil
26. Study on climate dynamics and climate prediction theory
Research on forecast and countermeasures of changes and trends of China s future
existence environment (20-50 years)
28. Investigation and application of crust motion and geo-dynamics in modem time
29. Research of the formation. environment change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
30. Fundamental research concerning the searching super-large mineral deposits
Fundamental research on the outbreak regularities and control techniques for 5 key
pests of grain and cotton crops
Nanometer scale information storage using SPM/SNOM technology
33. Fundamental research on Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer co-flooding for enhanced oil
recovery(EOR)
34. New ideas and technology in the search for Giant Ore Deposits
35. Investigation on new theories and technologies for modern Power system
operation and control
36. Fundamental research on improving seed stocks and disease-resistance of
maricultivated organisms
37. Micro Electro Mechanical System
38. Tibetan Plateau field experiment and research
Research on advanced aero-thermodynamics in energy utilization and new design
system
Fundamental research on safety and durability of major structures in civil and
hydraulic engineering
Fundament research on the immune prevention and control of animal important
infectious disease
Fundament research on the genetic control of human diseases and infectious
diseases
43. Fundamental research on key techniques in high-performance computing
44. Fundamental research on smelting reduction technology
Fundamental research on the advanced techniques of nuclear medicine and
radiotherapy
The National Program for Science and Technology for Sustainable Development
Objectives
To improve the quality of living of the people and to enhance the overall quality of the general public;
To improve the living and development environment for the people and coordinate the relationship between man and nature;
To promote scientific and technological progress in social undertakings and related
industries;
To promote the implementation of the National Program for Science and Technology for Sustainable Development.
Keynotes
Promoting the implementation China's Agenda 21 through scientific and technological progress;
Guiding and coordinating the conduct of scientific and technological undertakings in social development;
Promoting S & T industrial development programs in such fields as medicine, environment, resources, and housing construction;
Supporting a number of S & T research projects of great significance to the nation's social development;
Arranging for a batch of key applied basic research and high/new technology development projects;
Establishing a cluster of S & T industrial parks for social development;
Establishing a cluster of comprehensive experiment zones for promoting community sustainable development.
Soft Science Research
Soft science is a complete scientific and technological knowledge system encompassing natural sciences, social sciences and engineering technologies and it is crucial for democratic and scientific decision-making.
SSTC is in charge of the nation's soft science research. By 1992, some 960 soft science research organizations had been established nationwide with some 29,000 researchers. Over 16,000 research topics of soft science had been completed, with 4,341 having won national, ministerial, or provincial level awards for scientific and technological progress.
Main Mission of Soft Science Research in the New Era
To strengthen research on soft science theories and methodologies;
To conduct research on important and critical issues in reform and development and provide services to a democratic and scientific decision- making process; and To foster the commercialization and industrialization of soft science research results and cultivate and develop a consultancy industry.
Funding
Provided by the central government agencies and local governments.
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